Since early 2000s, Uganda been represented by a couple of players of Ugandan heritage and others naturalized.

From Bana Zidane and Ekuchu Kasongo, Nestroy Kizito to Mutumba Kayongo, Ronald Mukiibi, Bevis Mugabi, Elio Capraddossi, Tobby Sibick, Jordan Obita, Uche Ikpeazu Mubiru, Melyvn Lorenzen, Elvis Bwomono, and most recently Alhassan Baba, Noble Okello and Nathan Asiimwe, many players have been ‘naturalized’.

On Sunday, Fufa announced more of such players who include among others Abdoulaye Sissako, David Akpan Udoh, Dieudonne Gaucho Debohi, Souleyman Diaby, Arnold Vula and Kelvin Owusu Boateng in a bid to strengthen and improve the Uganda Cranes as preparations for the AFCON 2027 Pamoja continue.

However, many questions have been asked about their eligibility despite FUFA’s explanation of their roots and this has prompted the need to break down the often-confusing world of FIFA eligibility rules, including some of those players who have changed national teams.

Truth be told, FIFA national team eligibility has become something of a talking point in recent years as players exercise their right to change the association for which they play.

There have been many high-profile examples of players who have switched to one association after coming through the ranks of another.

In some cases, players have even lined out for a national team at senior level before deciding to move to another, infuriating and frustrating some fans in the process. 

It is a feature of modern-day football but the rules governing the issue can be quite confusing. Our chief football writer Ismael Kiyonga breaks it down in this piece.

What are the FIFA eligibility rules for national teams?

The rules for national team eligibility are clearly laid out in FIFA’s statutes. Specifically, Articles 5-8 of the Regulations Governing the Application of the Statutes are concerned with the topic.

Principle of national team eligibility

The general principle, in Article 5.1, states: “Any person holding a permanent nationality that is not dependent on residence in a certain country is eligible to play for the representative teams of the association of that country.”

Article 5.2 adds that: “…any player who has already participated in a match (either in full or in part) in an official competition of any category or any type of football for one association may not play an international match for a representative team of another association.”

However, it must be noted that there is an exception – explained in Article 8, which allows certain players to change association

Already, there have been many high-profile examples of players who have switched nationalities in regards to national team football.

However, if you have one of these nationalities, it is not simply a case of being able to pick and choose which team you wish to play for; a player must meet certain criteria. Article 6 deals with such cases as follows:

“A player who, under the terms of art. 5, is eligible to represent more than one association on account of his nationality, may play in an international match for one of these associations only if, in addition to having the relevant nationality, he fulfils at least one of the following conditions:
a) He was born on the territory of the relevant association;
b) His biological mother or biological father was born on the territory of the relevant association;
c) His grandmother or grandfather was born on the territory of the relevant association;
d) He has lived continuously on the territory of the relevant association for at least two years.“

As you can see from Article 6.1, a player must either be born in a country, have biological ties to the country or have lived in the country for a certain period of time.

Change and assuming of new nationality

Article 7 deals with players who assume a new nationality in order to play for a national team and it uses mostly the same criteria as Article 6.1, with only item (d) differing. In Article 7, the condition in item (d) says that a player will be eligible to play for a representative team if he has “lived continuously for at least five years after reaching the age of 18 on the territory of the relevant association.”

If a player wishes to change national teams, they must observe Article 8 of the Regulations. Only players who have: more than one nationality; acquired a new nationality; or are eligible to represent more than one association due to their nationality can change national team.

Article 8.1. explains that such individuals may “only once” request to change their national team association, subject to the following conditions:
“a) He has not played a match (either in full or in part) in an official competition at “A” international level for his current association, and at the time of his first full or partial appearance in an international match in an official competition for his current association, he already had the nationality of the representative team for which he wishes to play.
b) He is not permitted to play for his new association in any competition in which he has already played for his previous association.”

In short, that means a change cannot occur if a player has been capped at senior international level in a competitive international match, such as a World Cup qualifier, Afcon qualifiers. However senior friendlies, therefore, are not deemed sufficient to tie a player to an association.

In order to make a change of association, a player must “submit a written, substantiated request” to the FIFA general secretariat and the governing body’s Players Status Committee make a decision on that request. Once a request has been filed, a player is not eligible to play for any national team until all the paperwork has been processed. 

Per Article 8.2, in the exceptional circumstance of a player, who has played for a national team, permanently losing his nationality without his consent or against his will, a request can be made to change association to another association for which he has nationality. An example of where this may apply is the break-up of a previously united, singular state – a case in point is Sudan and now South Sudan which were once one state.

The practice of playing for more than one national team has been in operation for decades, but FIFA have sought to make it more structured in recent years, thus minimising the risk of cynical exploitation.

Some of the most famous players in the history of football have donned the colours of a number of different national teams. Alfredo di Stefano, famously, played for Argentina, Colombia and Spain, while Ferenc Puskas represented both Hungary and Spain.

Interestingly, there are examples of brothers from the same family who have lined out for different national teams including in Uganda where Joseph Nestroy Kizito (Uganda) and his brother Manfred Kizito (Rwanda)

Others are Jerome Boateng (Germany) and Kevin Prince Boateng (Ghana) are one such pair. Arsenal midfielder Granit Xhaka plays for Switzerland and came up against his brother Taulant, who plays for Albania, at Euro 2016.

Given the nature of global society, there are lots of examples of players with more than one nationality and there are often debates in certain countries about who could have line out for them.

The biggest examples will always be the French national team who also won the 1998 World Cup with the best example of multiculturalism in football, with the likes of Patrick Vieira and Marcel Desailly born in Senegal and Ghana respectively, while Zinedine Zidane’s parents emigrated to France from Algeria.

In 2018, Kylian Mbappe, born to Cameroon father also won the world cup with the Les Blues.

What is the ‘Granny Rule’?

To be clear, there is no official rule in FIFA’s statutes called the ‘Granny Rule’.

However, this in an informal reference to the parts of FIFA’s regulations (Articles 6 and 7) which indicate that a player’s ancestry (parents and grandparents) can potentially allow them to play for a national representative team and this is one that FUFA has exploited in the recent call ups according to their article on the new faces.

Additional reporting Goal.com

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